The direct
method of teaching, which is sometimes called the natural method, and is often (but not exclusively) used in
teaching foreign languages, refrains from using the learners' native language and uses only the target language. It was established in Germany and France
around 1900 and contrasts with the Grammar translation method
and other traditional approaches, as well as with C.J.Dodson's bilingual method. It was adopted by key international language
schools such as Berlitz and Inlingua in the 1970s and many of the language
departments of the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S. State Department in
2012.[1]
In
general, teaching focuses on the development of oral skills.[2] Characteristic features of the direct method are:
- teaching concepts and vocabulary
through pantomiming, real-life objects and
other visual materials
- teaching grammar by using an inductive approach
(i.e. having learners find out rules through the presentation of adequate
linguistic forms in the target language)
- centrality of spoken language
(including a native-like pronunciation)
- focus on question-answer patterns
Principles
- Classroom instructions are
conducted exclusively in the target language.
- Only everyday vocabulary and
sentences are taught during the initial phase; grammar, reading and
writing are introduced in intermediate phase.
- Oral communication skills are
built up in a carefully graded progression organized around
question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small,
intensive classes.
- Grammar is taught inductively.
- New teaching points are introduced
orally.
- Concrete vocabulary is taught
through demonstration, objects, and pictures; abstract vocabulary is
taught by association of ideas.
- Both speech and listening
comprehensions are taught.
- Correct pronunciation and grammar
are emphasized.
- Student should be speaking
approximately 80% of the time during the lesson.
- Students are taught from inception
to ask questions as well as answer them.
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